“The greatness of a nation can be measured by how it treats its most vulnerable members,” famously stated Mahatma Gandhi, the father of the nation of India. Today, these words resonate with renewed significance as concerns continue to mount over the state of democracy in India. The escalating attacks on minority communities and the tightening restrictions on freedom of speech have raised crucial questions about the fundamental principles of democratic values in the country.
The noticeable absence of response and silence from Prime Minister Modi has intensified the apprehensions surrounding the state of democracy in India. Despite being the leader of the world’s largest democracy since his election in 2014, Modi has rarely engaged with the media, making only sporadic appearances. His recent joint press conference with President Joe Biden during his visit to the US marked his first open press conference in eight years, with his previous one being in November 2015 in London.
Like the situation eight years ago, Modi faced questions again regarding his government’s treatment of Muslims. Specifically, he was asked about the measures his government is willing to undertake to improve the rights of Muslims and other minority communities while safeguarding freedom of speech.
During the press conference, Prime Minister Modi broadly defended democracy in India when confronted with concerns about religious intolerance and freedom of speech. He expressed surprise at the questioning of India’s commitment to democratic values. Asserting that democracy is ingrained in both India and the US. He cited the Indian Constitution as a testament to the democratic principles embedded in the nation’s heritage.
Despite PM Modi’s defence of the situation, persistent reports, concerns, and allegations raise doubts about whether India still upholds the ideals of treating minorities on par with the majority in a democratic manner. Issues such as diminishing press freedom and a perceived lack of attention to pressing domestic matters continue to be questioned.
One notable incident that highlighted these concerns was when Indian wrestlers protested against a ruling party Member of Parliament in a sexual abuse case. Authorities intervened and forcefully handled the wrestlers while Prime Minister was busy inaugurating the new parliament building. Seemingly indicating a lack of prioritisation towards addressing such pressing issues.
Moreover, the former CEO of Twitter, Jack Dorsey, accused the Indian government of threatening to shut down the platform and even conducting raids on employees’ residences within the country. These allegations further fuel concerns over freedom of expression and the government’s handling of dissenting voices.
Amid these troubling events, Manipur faced days of community violence. Yet the Indian government failed to take decisive action to resolve the situation. This raised significant doubts about the government’s commitment to addressing urgent domestic matters. It gave an impression that international engagements were being prioritised over pressing domestic concerns.
What’s happening in Manipur (a state in the north-east of India)
Violence in Manipur persists two months after its initial outbreak, resulting in an ongoing series of killings. On July 2, four individuals lost their lives, with law enforcement reporting that one of the victims was brutally beheaded.
Manipur, as a border state of India, has a long-standing history of ethnic conflicts among various tribes. However, the current situation marks a significant shift. As it is the first time that the predominantly Vaishnavite Meiteis and mainly Christian tribals find themselves in conflict. So far, the Nagas have remained detached from the hostilities. Nevertheless, alarming signs are emerging, such as the widespread burning of churches (reportedly reaching 249) and numerous temples (according to a survey, 17 temples have been affected).
The violence has left at least 115 dead and more than 40,000 displaced. These incidents, coupled with the radicalization of Meiteis, raise concerns that the ethnic conflict could transform into a communal one. Another critical factor contributing to the delicate nature of the situation is the demand by tribal groups for a separate administration in their inhabited areas. If left uncontrolled, this volatile situation could escalate into a civil war-like scenario.
Tensions Arise from Demands for Tribal status.
The conflict in Manipur arose due to a rally organised by indigenous communities in protest against the demands made by the dominant ethnic group in the state for tribal status. The Meitei community, comprising 53% of the state’s population, has long been advocating for inclusion in the Scheduled Tribe category. Such recognition would grant them access to forest lands, ensure a share of government jobs, and guarantee reserved seats in educational institutions.
However, the communities that are already recognised as Scheduled Tribes, particularly the Kukis residing in the hill districts, express concerns about the potential loss of control over their ancestral forest lands if the Meitei community’s demand is accepted. This fear has fueled tensions and added to the complexities of the conflict in Manipur.
Divide and Rule
Since the BJP government assumed power in Manipur, concerns have emerged regarding their approach to governance. Civil society groups have accused both the central and state governments of weaponizing constitutional provisions. That has led to the erosion of democratic dialogue, federalism, and the protection of human rights. Rather than facilitating a constructive dialogue for resolution, the governments have been accused of exacerbating historical tensions between communities.
The governments’ portrayal of being allies to both communities has only widened the divide without any substantial efforts towards meaningful dialogue and reconciliation. In the current situation, the Kuki community has been subjected to severe violence. Primarily perpetrated by an armed Meitei majoritarian group. The Meitei, who are predominantly Hindu, live in the state’s more developed central Imphal Valley, and the chief minister is close with these Meitei groups. Adding to the distress, earlier the Chief Minister himself referred to a Kuki human rights activist as “Myanmarese,” echoing propaganda that the Meitei community faces a demographic threat from refugees fleeing unrest in Myanmar. Such actions and statements only fuel further division and undermine the prospects of peaceful coexistence.
Churches Targeted in Unrest
In Manipur, recent unrest has seen a series of disturbing incidents, including the burning of churches. The state’s demographic dynamics play a significant role in understanding the underlying tensions. The Meitei community primarily resides in the central Imphal Valley, which is the more developed region of the state. However, they are prohibited from settling in the surrounding hilly areas. They make up 90% of the state and are designated for the local tribal population. The tribal population, including the Kuki people, who are predominantly Christian, is allowed to live in both the valley and the hilly regions.
On May 3, a demonstration organised by the All Tribal Students’ Union Manipur, a group associated with the Kuki people, turned violent, though the exact trigger remains unclear. Subsequently, armed mobs targeted and set fire to cars, homes, and churches belonging to the Kuki community. The clashes resulted in the displacement of approximately 23,000 people, including Meiteis.
To restore order, state authorities temporarily cut internet services and deployed troops with authorization to use force, including “shoot on sight” orders.
While the conflict seemingly involves a primarily Hindu ethnic group pitted against a predominantly Christian one. Religious differences do not appear to be the primary driving force behind the dispute. Despite the Kuki community’s mostly Baptist affiliation, leaders of India’s Catholic community promptly condemned the violence. Moreover, emphasises the need for peace and harmony.
The targeted attacks on churches in Manipur have further heightened tensions. It underscored the urgency of addressing the root causes of the unrest to restore stability and communal harmony in the region.
Shoot at Sight orders in Manipur
In response to the escalating violence in Manipur, the state government has taken a significant step by granting authorization to District Magistrates to issue “shoot-at-sight orders” in exceptional circumstances. This decision comes in the aftermath of intense clashes that occurred during the ‘Tribal Solidarity March. Initiated by the All Tribal Students’ Union of Manipur (ATSUM).
India is “the Internet Shutdown Capital of the World“
The initial internet shutdown in Manipur was implemented on May 3 following a rise in ethnic conflict. Subsequent government orders have extended the restriction.
However, the Internet Freedom Foundation has voiced concerns about the legality of this prolonged internet shutdown in Manipur. Citing a ruling by the Supreme Court, the foundation questions the justification behind the continued denial of internet access to the residents of Manipur.
Since 2016, India has emerged as the leading country in terms of internet shutdowns. Accounting for approximately 58% of all documented cases in the Shutdown Tracker Optimisation Project (STOP database). In stark comparison, India has surpassed Ukraine. It currently holds the second position in the rankings.
An alarming statistic highlights that India is the sole G20 nation to impose internet shutdowns more than twice. Cementing its position as the most frequent enforcer of such restrictions. Among other G20 countries, Russia and Brazil have implemented two and one internet shutdown, respectively, in 2022.
Comparison between Gujarat Riots in 2002 and Communal Violence in Manipur: Questioning Authority’s Silence
The incidents of the Gujarat riots in 2002 and the ongoing communal violence in Manipur both involve the targeting of minority communities by the majority within their respective states. In both cases, there are legitimate concerns about the lack of proactive measures and effective action taken by the authorities to address the situations adequately. The consequences of the Modi government’s alleged ignorance and inaction during the Gujarat riots were brought to light in the BBC documentary, which further intensified public outrage.
In the context of Manipur, the state has yet to receive the attention it deserves. As both the Prime Minister and Home Minister chose not to interrupt their campaign trail in Karnataka to take charge of the violence-stricken state. The Prime Minister’s lack of response and absence from the state raises questions about his leadership and commitment to addressing the situation. Furthermore, focusing on other activities, such as theatrical engagements and inaugurating new infrastructure projects, instead of prioritising the urgent situation in Manipur, adds to the perception of neglect.
Modi is Still the modern-day “Nero”
India’s Supreme Court once compared Modi to Roman Emperor Nero, remembered in popular legend as playing his lyre while Rome burned. Modi’s Hindu-nationalist government looked elsewhere while innocent people were burning and was probably deliberating how to protect the killers, it said in a 2004 judgement. The US revoked a visa for Modi the following year because he was responsible for severe violations of religious freedom. But that has not deterred some of India’s leading industrialists from courting and praising Modi. Nothing has changed Modi’s silence continues, During CAA/NRC protests, Farmers protest the bill, Wrestler protested and now with the Manipur violence.
“Too little, Too late.”
The Prime Minister’s failure to fulfil his responsibilities and avoidance of meetings with multiple delegations reflect his apparent cowardice and unwillingness to confront his failures. The fact that he has not made time for such critical discussions further exacerbates concerns about his commitment to addressing the situation in Manipur. Additionally, the Home Minister’s lack of progress in managing the crisis has drawn criticism from opposition parties. Further highlighting the government’s shortcomings.
Manipur Violence Tests Modi’s Leadership and Political Strategy
The violence in Manipur has been handled by Modi’s government primarily through a security-focused approach. Neglecting the need for a political solution. This approach is likely to deepen ethnic divisions and may necessitate a long-term presence of the Indian Army. It had withdrawn from the state in 2020 to focus on the border dispute with China. The internal turmoil in Manipur not only undermines India’s resilience against Chinese military coercion along the border but also poses a threat to regional connectivity projects. Unless Modi takes decisive political steps to restore normalcy, the repercussions of the unrest may extend beyond India’s borders.
The ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in Manipur has displayed a bias towards the Meitei community. Leveraging their grievances for political advantage. This has fueled a narrative that portrays Meiteis as marginalised by so-called “Kuki outsiders,” while also accusing Kukis of involvement in drug trafficking and violating forest rights. The state government has deployed the police selectively against Kukis. Cracking down on drug trafficking and enforcing forest laws against them. Consequently, the divide between ethnic groups has intensified. Eroding trust and undermining a federal government proposal to establish a peace committee.
Kuki calls for separate administration
The distrust between ethnic groups has deepened to such an extent that even BJP representatives belonging to the Kuki community have called for a separate administration over the hill areas, beyond state control. The risk of unrest spilling over into neighbouring regions is also a concern. The Kuki people share ethnic ties with groups like the Chin people in Myanmar and the Mizo people in the state of Mizoram. Following the violence, hundreds of Kukis have fled to Myanmar, and resentment regarding the treatment of Kukis is growing in Mizoram. Additionally, the Naga community shares connections with their ethnic counterparts in Nagaland. It has witnessed a prolonged insurgency. In Nagaland, demands a separate flag and constitution remain unresolved since the signing of a framework agreement with the central government in 2015.
Risk of Unrest Spreading and Cross-Border Implications
If insurgency escalates in Manipur, it could have a cascading effect on neighbouring states like Mizoram, Nagaland, and Assam, necessitating a significant increase in Indian Army deployment. This would undermine India’s military capabilities against China along the Arunachal Pradesh border, where the People’s Liberation Army has already heightened its presence since 2021. The longer the Indian Army remains engaged in pacifying Manipur, the more vulnerable India becomes along its border. Given that India already lags behind China in terms of border infrastructure, any reduction in Indian forces would expose New Delhi to greater pressure from Beijing.
In 2015, Modi unveiled the “Act East” policy, aiming to enhance connectivity between India’s northeast region and Southeast Asia through trade, cultural exchange, people-to-people interactions, and infrastructure development. However, progress in infrastructure projects has been slow, and if the violence in Manipur spills over into neighbouring states, it would further impede the Act East policy. Moreover, this policy aligns with the Indo-Pacific strategy pursued by the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (the Quad), which could also suffer setbacks if these connectivity projects stall.
How Minorities are Treated in India
Recent reports from the U.S. State Department have highlighted concerns regarding the treatment of various religious and ethnic groups in India, including Muslims, Hindu Dalits, Christians, and other minorities. The government has also faced criticism for its actions against journalists and dissidents.
The Indian government, however, denies these allegations, asserting that its policies aim to benefit all communities impartially and that it enforces the law without bias. The embassy in Washington did not provide a comment on the concerns raised by activists during Prime Minister Modi’s U.S. visit.
India’s ranking in the World Press Freedom Index has experienced a decline, dropping from 140th in 2014 to 161st this year, marking its lowest point. In comparison, the United States ranks 45th. Additionally, India has recorded the highest number of government-imposed internet shutdowns worldwide for five consecutive years.
The United Nations human rights office criticised a 2019 citizenship law for being “fundamentally discriminatory” by excluding Muslim migrants. Critics have also raised concerns about anti-conversion legislation that challenges the constitutionally protected right to freedom of belief. The revocation of special status for Muslim-majority Kashmir in 2019 has further fueled criticism.
Instances of property demolitions targeting Muslims under the guise of removing illegal constructions and banning the hijab in Karnataka’s classrooms during the Bharatiya Janata Party’s (BJP) tenure in the state have also been subject to criticism.
These ongoing issues highlight the need for continued attention to human rights in India. Focusing on combating discrimination, safeguarding press freedom, and protecting religious rights. In addition to upholding constitutional principles of equality and freedom of belief.
Obama’s concern
During President Joe Biden’s meeting with Prime Minister Modi, former President Barack Obama highlighted the importance of safeguarding the rights of the Muslim minority in a predominantly Hindu India. Obama’s statement emphasised the significance of addressing this issue. Particularly in preventing potential divisions within India.
Alleged Threats to Democracy and Free Speech in India
Threats to democracy and free speech in India have come to the forefront with the alarming allegations made by former Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey. He claims that the Modi government used strong-arm tactics. Including the threat of banning the social media platform and conducting raids on its employees. To enforce takedown orders on tweets related to the farmers’ protest. These revelations have sparked a political storm and raised serious concerns about the misuse of executive enforcement power to stifle free speech and limit the opposition’s ability to mobilise.
Despite the Indian government’s categorical denial and attempts by its supporters to dismiss the allegations as part of a “global conspiracy,” the credibility of Dorsey’s claims cannot be easily disregarded. As an uninterested party, he has no apparent motive to fabricate such serious accusations.
Press Freedom in India
According to Reporters Without Borders (RSF), a global media watchdog, there has been a rapid decline in the space for robust journalism, dissent, and debate in India’s mainstream media. In their 2022 World Press Freedom Index, India’s press freedom ranking dropped eight places from 142 in 2021 to 150 this year. This decline is attributed to various factors, such as violence against journalists, and media outlets with political biases. Moreover, the concentration of media ownership.
The RSF report highlights that press freedom in India is facing a crisis, particularly due to incidents of violence against journalists. It also draws attention to the politically partisan nature of some media organisations and the consolidation of media ownership. Moreover, limits the diversity of voices and viewpoints in the media landscape.
Journalists are targeted and attacked.
RSF’s assessment is based on a comprehensive evaluation that combines a quantitative survey of press freedom violations and abuses against journalists with responses from numerous press freedom experts. The report emphasises that these challenges to press freedom in India are occurring in the context of PM Narendra Modi’s tenure since 2014. As he leads the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and represents the Hindu nationalist right-wing movement.
Sabrina Siddiqui, a journalist from The Wall Street Journal (WSJ), who questioned Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his state visit to the United States, has become a victim of severe online harassment. Following her question, Siddiqui has faced relentless online attacks. Particularly on Twitter, including from individuals associated with the prime minister’s political party. These attacks have taken the form of questioning her motives, targeting her religion, and attacking her heritage. The harassment Siddiqui has endured is primarily from social media users who align with the pro-Hindutva ideology.
The Deplorable Silence: Wrestlers’ Complaints Shed Light on India’s Failing Justice System
Prominent civil society members, former IAS officers, and economists in India have raised their voices in concern over the alarming manner. In India medal-winning women wrestlers were forced to publicly expose cases of sexual harassment within the Wrestling Federation of India (WFI). The subsequent silence and sluggish response from senior leadership have cast a spotlight on the country’s failing justice system. Prompting calls for urgent action and a fair investigation led by a Supreme Court-appointed judge.
In a statement released on June 10, these concerned citizens expressed deep anguish at the lack of support for the affected wrestlers, who had brought immense pride to the nation through their achievements. Instead of protecting their rights, the entire government machinery remained silent. Even allowed investigations to progress at an alarmingly slow pace, jeopardising the interests of those affected.
Inadequacies of India’s Justice System Exposed
Left with no alternative, the women wrestlers took to the streets in mid-January 2023. Resorting to public protests to demand justice. The gravity of the situation became evident when they threatened to discard their hard-earned medals into the sacred River Ganga. Only then did the Sports Minister intervene and agree to meet the wrestlers. During the meeting, assurances were made that the Delhi police would file a chargesheet in the case by June 15, 2023, with a plea for the wrestlers to end their agitation.
While the charge sheet was filed as promised, questions surrounding the integrity of the investigation began to emerge. Given the nature of this case, which demands a quasi-judicial process free from external influence. Doubts were raised regarding the objectivity and impartiality of the ongoing investigation. This has further fueled the need for a thorough and fair examination, overseen by a Supreme Court-appointed judge.
The deafening silence and delayed response from senior leadership regarding the allegations of sexual harassment against Brij Bhushan Sharan Singh and other officials within the WFI have shed light on the inadequacies of India’s justice system. The country must prioritise the welfare and protection of its athletes. Especially those who have brought glory to the nation.
For a comprehensive and in-depth analysis, we invite you to visit the official British Herald Magazine.
